In Islam, the pursuit of knowledge is highly encouraged, and both science and technology have been integral in shaping the Islamic civilization. Islam views the acquisition of knowledge as an important aspect of worship, and many scientific advancements have been made by Muslim scholars over the centuries. Below, we explore Islam’s perspective on science, how it has historically contributed to various fields of study, and its relationship with modern technology.
Islam places a high value on seeking knowledge, as it is seen as a means to understand the world and fulfill one’s purpose in life. The Qur'an and Hadith emphasize the importance of learning and knowledge, urging Muslims to reflect upon the natural world and explore the universe. The first revelation to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from Allah was "Read!"—a call to acquire knowledge:
"Read in the name of your Lord who created." 96:1
This verse signifies that knowledge is not just about the written word, but also about understanding the world that Allah created. Islam encourages the pursuit of knowledge in all fields, including natural sciences, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Scholars in early Islamic civilization made significant contributions to these fields, building on the scientific knowledge of previous civilizations.
Islam has historically encouraged the study of the natural world. The Qur'an itself contains numerous verses that refer to the creation of the universe, the Earth, the heavens, and the phenomena of nature. Muslims are encouraged to reflect on the signs of Allah in the world around them. Some of these verses directly address the study of astronomy, biology, geology, and other sciences:
"Do they not reflect upon the sky above them? How we have made it and adorned it, and there is no crack in it?" 50:6
"And He it is who created for you from the green tree, fire; and indeed, you ignite from it." 36:80
These verses highlight that the natural world is a sign of Allah's creation and invites humans to study and understand it. The Qur'an encourages reflection and contemplation of the world, which led to significant scientific advancements in the Islamic Golden Age.
During this period, Muslim scientists made groundbreaking contributions to fields such as astronomy (e.g., Al-Battani and Ibn al-Haytham), mathematics (e.g., Al-Khwarizmi), chemistry (e.g., Jabir ibn Hayyan), and medicine (e.g., Ibn Sina and Al-Razi). These scholars helped lay the foundation for modern science, preserving and expanding upon the knowledge of ancient civilizations.
Islam encourages the use of technology as long as it is in accordance with ethical principles and benefits humanity. Technology, as a tool, can help improve the lives of individuals and communities, and Islam acknowledges its potential for good. Throughout history, Islamic civilization has been a pioneer in the development of various technologies, from sophisticated irrigation systems to advancements in engineering and architecture.
In modern times, Islam encourages the development and use of technology to address global challenges such as health, education, and sustainability. However, Islam also emphasizes that technology must be used responsibly and ethically. It must not be used in ways that harm individuals, society, or the environment. The principles of justice, fairness, and respect for human dignity must guide the use of technological advancements.
Islamic ethics stresses the importance of using technology to support human well-being, while also maintaining spiritual and moral integrity. For example, biotechnology and genetic engineering are areas where Islamic scholars emphasize the need for ethical considerations, especially when it comes to issues such as cloning, stem cell research, and the preservation of life.
Throughout history, Muslim scholars have made numerous contributions to the development of science and technology. The Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th century) was a period of great scientific innovation, where scholars from various parts of the Muslim world translated, preserved, and expanded upon the knowledge of ancient Greek, Roman, and Indian civilizations.
Some of the key contributions include:
These scholars, among many others, helped bridge the gap between ancient and modern scientific knowledge. Their work laid the groundwork for later developments in fields such as physics, astronomy, and medicine. The contributions of Muslim scholars during this period demonstrate the close relationship between Islam and the pursuit of knowledge.
Some Muslims believe that the Qur'an contains verses that align with modern scientific discoveries, particularly in fields like astronomy, biology, and geology. For instance, the Qur'an's descriptions of the development of the embryo, the expansion of the universe, and the creation of life from water are seen by some scholars as aligning with contemporary scientific understanding:
"And We made from water every living thing. Then will they not believe?" 21:30
Many Islamic scholars emphasize that the Qur'an encourages reflection on the natural world and the pursuit of knowledge. However, they also emphasize that scientific discoveries should never contradict the core principles of faith. The Qur'an and science can coexist, with the Qur'an guiding the moral and ethical use of knowledge while science helps us understand the world around us.
Islamic teachings emphasize the need for ethical considerations in all fields, including science and technology. The pursuit of knowledge should always be aligned with moral values, ensuring that scientific advancements benefit humanity without causing harm. For example, ethical concerns arise in modern technologies like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and genetic engineering. Islam encourages the use of technology to promote justice, equity, and social welfare, while ensuring that human dignity and moral integrity are preserved.
In particular, Islam calls for the responsible use of resources, respect for the environment, and the protection of human rights. Technologies that contribute to the well-being of society—such as medical advances, educational technologies, and sustainable energy—are encouraged. However, technologies that lead to exploitation, harm, or environmental destruction are discouraged in Islam.